討厭女人的男人： 非自愿獨(dú)身男性的厭女癥

論文來(lái)源：New Media & Society

·研究對(duì)象：非自愿獨(dú)身男性：無(wú)法建立異性戀關(guān)系的在線男性社群。（involuntarily celibates- “incels” 非自愿獨(dú)身）

·方法：結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)和社會(huì)科學(xué)理論來(lái)分-析非自愿獨(dú)身男性社群的厭女話語(yǔ)。

·材料：分析了再“非自愿獨(dú)身”男性社群里跨度42月的每一條評(píng)論

·發(fā)現(xiàn)：幾乎所有積極用戶都使用厭女的詞匯，并且這些厭女詞匯的使用不會(huì)影響發(fā)帖頻率，也就是說，這個(gè)社群集合了厭女者而不是塑造了厭女者（members arrive rather than become misogynistic）

·內(nèi)容：以交叉理論（intersectionality）、男性氣質(zhì)和性別歧視的理論來(lái)討論這些數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)現(xiàn)，并嘗試探討潛在的緩解類似在線厭女話語(yǔ)的政策。

·關(guān)鍵詞：模糊性別歧視，女性氣質(zhì)，非自愿男性社群，交叉性理論，男性氣質(zhì)，厭女，種族歧視

·理論背景：

·交叉性理論：misogyny is never just misogyny, but also shaped by other forms of oppression; incel misogyny orients to a matrix of domination, wherein all women are denigrated, but women of color are doubly denigrated through a combination of racism and sexism.

·Hegemonic masculinity is not a trait or a type of man, but rather is a set of practices that legitimate and maintain unequal gender relations, including unequal relations between groups of men; as practices that advance the subjugation of women

·Halpin (2022) argues that incels weaponize their subordination, as they strategically position themselves as subordinate “failed men” to justify their hegemonic practices, such as endorsing interpersonal and systematic violence against women.

·Emphasized femininity: a counterpart to hegemonic masculinity, that is defined by nurturing, empathizing, and taking a submissive orientation toward men and their needs.

·Pariah femininities: socially undesirable forms of femininities

·Hostile sexism: aggressive misogyny that situates women as controlling, manipulative, and subhuman

·Benevolent sexism: endorses complementary gender roles and frames women as requiring men’s protection.

開心！終于等到了一篇論文寫出了我對(duì)于《白蓮花度假村》的性別分析——

論文來(lái)源：Representation

這部劇展示了一個(gè)白人男性權(quán)威遭遇威脅但最后得以重構(gòu)的過程。主流的媒體呈現(xiàn)中大都遵循這一準(zhǔn)則：白人男性權(quán)威可被威脅、可失落、可失穩(wěn)，但不能崩壞。

劇中一開始以男主馬克的DD疾病隱喻這一危機(jī)，與男主周圍的zz抗?fàn)幒团园詸?quán)相映襯。男主遭遇這全方位的危機(jī)：作為丈夫，他完全被妻子凌駕；作為父親，他完全被子女忽視；作為男人，他的男性生理器官生病；作為兒子，他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的父親是gay。而馬克的權(quán)威的重新構(gòu)建依賴于“犯罪化”他者的襯托，也就是劇中的夏威夷人Kai，他挑戰(zhàn)了白人殖民主義，也因此鋃鐺入獄，而馬克對(duì)著Kai的“英勇”一拳則起了關(guān)鍵性的作用，重建馬克的信心與權(quán)威。此外，劇中所以其他的另類性別呈現(xiàn)都在結(jié)尾走入僵局，白人男性權(quán)威所遭遇的威脅被一一清除：gay酒店管理人被殺，les女兒短暫反抗然后“回歸”異性戀家庭日常，女強(qiáng)人老婆再度小鳥依人順從老公馬克……

這篇論文主要討論了Judith Butler在Gender Trouble和Bodies That Matter里面的理論，輔以對(duì)《白蓮花度假村》的解讀，對(duì)酷兒理論、性別研究、文化研究感興趣的朋友可以讀讀～

結(jié)尾對(duì)于Butler 性別理論的評(píng)價(jià)

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