2023年北京卷閱讀理解C篇

【1】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.

【2】It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (犧牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.

【3】These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others. One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.

【4】As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.

28.The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

30.What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

28題：The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to __________.

A. draw a comparison

B. introduce a topic

C. evaluate a statement

D. highlight a problem

劉凱老師總結(jié)-實(shí)戰(zhàn)口訣

"引用為證，服務(wù)主旨；位置定功能，內(nèi)容定態(tài)度"

引用名人名言在議論文中通常起佐證、強(qiáng)調(diào)、具體化作用

看引用位置：此處引用在首段末尾，前面已有主題句，后面是展開(kāi)論述

看引用內(nèi)容："only the present exists" "cruelty of the instant" "boredom of an unending now"——全是負(fù)面描述
致命陷阱B：很多考生機(jī)械記憶"開(kāi)頭引用=引出話題"，但本題引用前已有明確主題句，引用是遞進(jìn)強(qiáng)化，而非首次提出。

文本維度：首段結(jié)構(gòu)：①提出核心問(wèn)題（short-termism是重大問(wèn)題）→ ②具體解釋（ inability導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果）→ ③引用佐證（Francis Cole描述"當(dāng)下"的殘酷與無(wú)聊）。引用是對(duì)①②的文學(xué)化重述

邏輯維度：引用內(nèi)容"only the present exists" = 對(duì)"short-termism"的同義轉(zhuǎn)述；"cruelty""boredom" = 對(duì)"significant problem"的情感強(qiáng)化。功能=強(qiáng)調(diào)問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性

命題維度：正確選項(xiàng)D中的"highlight"精準(zhǔn)對(duì)應(yīng)引用的強(qiáng)調(diào)功能，"problem"精準(zhǔn)對(duì)應(yīng)文章核心議題。A、B、C的動(dòng)詞均與引用功能不符

劉凱老師匯總 解題技巧總結(jié)/黃金原則

【引用功能判斷法】

1.看位置：段首引用→可能引出話題；段中/段末引用→通常佐證觀點(diǎn)

2.看內(nèi)容：引用內(nèi)容與前后文是同向（強(qiáng)化）還是反向（轉(zhuǎn)折/反駁）

3.看態(tài)度：引用中的情感色彩詞（cruelty/boredom）直接提示作者態(tài)度

4.黃金原則：引用從不孤立存在，必服務(wù)于段落主旨或全文主旨

29題：What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Climate change has been forgotten.

B. Lessons of history are highly valued.

C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.

D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.

劉凱老師總結(jié)-實(shí)戰(zhàn)口訣

"推斷=言外之意，非原文照搬；末段必扣主旨，事例服務(wù)于觀點(diǎn)"

最后一段核心：collective "poor memory" + ** generational blindness**

關(guān)鍵例證：老人記得滿擋風(fēng)玻璃的昆蟲(chóng) vs 孩子不知道昆蟲(chóng)數(shù)量劇減

變化特點(diǎn)：緩慢、漸進(jìn)、跨代際——所以人們察覺(jué)不到

致命陷阱A：氣候 change 只是引入話題的鉤子，真正論證的是人類(lèi)對(duì)漸進(jìn)式環(huán)境變化的感知缺陷。

文本維度：末段結(jié)構(gòu)：①比喻引入（climate change作為"完美武器"）→ ②核心觀點(diǎn)（collective "poor memory"）→ ③具體例證（昆蟲(chóng)數(shù)量變化的代際認(rèn)知差異）。例證的關(guān)鍵在于變化是gradual的，所以察覺(jué)不到

邏輯維度：老人vs孩子的對(duì)比 → 同一現(xiàn)象在不同時(shí)間點(diǎn)的認(rèn)知基線差異 → 證明變化是緩慢到無(wú)法被單一代際察覺(jué) → 推斷出人類(lèi)認(rèn)知系統(tǒng)的時(shí)間尺度缺陷

命題維度：C選項(xiàng)"bad at noting slow change"精準(zhǔn)概括了"collective poor memory"的本質(zhì)。A選項(xiàng)是例子層面，C選項(xiàng)是原理層面——推斷題要的是抽象概括，而非具體事實(shí)

劉凱老師匯總 解題技巧總結(jié)/黃金原則

【末段推斷三原則】

1.例子≠答案：末段的具體事例（climate change/昆蟲(chóng)）是論據(jù)，答案要在論點(diǎn)中找

2.變化速度是關(guān)鍵：slow-burning/gradual/dramatically but unnoticed → 核心在slow

3.代際對(duì)比=認(rèn)知基線漂移：新老一代對(duì)同一現(xiàn)象的不同認(rèn)知 → 證明變化緩慢到跨越代際

4.黃金原則：推斷題的答案必須是原文"可生長(zhǎng)"出的結(jié)論，而非原文已明說(shuō)的信息

30題：What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.

B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.

C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.

D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.

劉凱老師總結(jié)-實(shí)戰(zhàn)口訣

"作者意圖=全文主旨的正面表達(dá)；問(wèn)題-解決型文章，答案在'解藥'里"

全文結(jié)構(gòu)：提出問(wèn)題（short-termism是嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題）→ 分析問(wèn)題（心理偏見(jiàn)的多種表現(xiàn)）→ 暗示解決方向（需要關(guān)注長(zhǎng)期）

作者意圖 = 對(duì)問(wèn)題的回應(yīng)/解決方案

致命陷阱B：sacrifices是原文高頻詞，但原文是否定（unwillingness），選項(xiàng)是肯定（tend to），一正一反，天差地別。

文本維度：全文核心矛盾：短期偏向（short-termism/bias towards the present） vs 長(zhǎng)期后果（longer-term causes/climate change/biodiversity collapse）。作者意圖必然是倡導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)向長(zhǎng)期思考

邏輯維度：文章是問(wèn)題-分析型結(jié)構(gòu)，未明確給出解決方案，但通過(guò)對(duì)問(wèn)題的反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)（significant problem/serious problems/cruelty/boredom），隱含呼吁讀者重視長(zhǎng)期視角

命題維度：A選項(xiàng)"Far-sighted thinking"是"short-termism"的完美反義替換，"matters"對(duì)應(yīng)全文的危機(jī)敘事（problem/collapse/cruelty）。B、C、D均存在與原文矛盾或無(wú)中生有的問(wèn)題

劉凱老師匯總-解題技巧總結(jié)/黃金原則

【作者意圖題破解法】

1.識(shí)別文章結(jié)構(gòu)：?jiǎn)栴}-分析-（隱含解決）型文章，答案 = 問(wèn)題的反面

2.警惕原文詞陷阱：sacrifices/bias/desires等原文詞出現(xiàn)≠正確，要看搭配和方向

3.反義替換優(yōu)先：正確選項(xiàng)往往是核心議題（short-termism）的反義表達(dá)（far-sighted thinking）

4.黃金原則：作者意圖題的答案必須與全文主旨同向，與問(wèn)題定義反向——批判什么就倡導(dǎo)什么，擔(dān)憂什么就重視什么

劉凱老師-終極黃金原則：

"北京卷C篇，四句定生死"

首句定主旨（short-termism is a significant problem）

末句定基調(diào)（only the present exists...boredom）

題題扣主旨，選項(xiàng)看方向

正確選項(xiàng)必含"長(zhǎng)期/短期"維度，錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)必在此維度上矛盾或偏離