原創(chuàng)克爾-紐曼黑洞

現(xiàn)存的Congeria屬生物僅分布于10余個(gè)已知點(diǎn)位，約半數(shù)點(diǎn)位只發(fā)現(xiàn)空殼，有時(shí)貝殼表面覆蓋著厚厚的鈣華。

Congeria kusceri集群生活，雌雄異體，精子被保留于雌性?xún)?nèi)鰓瓣上部，卵在此受精并隨發(fā)育逐漸進(jìn)入育兒囊，在育兒囊發(fā)育為幼蟲(chóng)。當(dāng)幼蟲(chóng)自身的食物儲(chǔ)備耗盡或它們長(zhǎng)到足以沖破育兒囊口的大小時(shí)，幼蟲(chóng)會(huì)被釋放到母體的外套膜腔中。外套膜內(nèi)通常有兩個(gè)幼蟲(chóng)，一個(gè)比另一個(gè)大，這是由于更早發(fā)育、更大的幼蟲(chóng)在打開(kāi)育兒囊口時(shí)，位于育兒囊更高處、發(fā)育較差的小幼蟲(chóng)也一起釋放。在外套膜腔中，幼蟲(chóng)將經(jīng)歷育兒期的第二階段，此時(shí)它們以母體吸入的水流中的有機(jī)顆粒為食，在成長(zhǎng)至約350微米后爬行離開(kāi)。

Congeria kusceri成體 / Scapolatiello et al, 2022

Congeria kusceri

Congeria kusceri生活史

現(xiàn)存Congeria屬生物的孵育幼體行為在飾貝科中是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的，這種特征是對(duì)地下河寡營(yíng)養(yǎng)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)。其他飾貝采取的播撒式產(chǎn)卵會(huì)消耗大量配子，產(chǎn)生這些配子需要大量營(yíng)養(yǎng)，而地下河環(huán)境無(wú)法提供。然而，孵育幼體行為也嚴(yán)重限制了Congeria屬生物的擴(kuò)散能力。

Congeria屬生物壽命長(zhǎng)，已知最長(zhǎng)壽命達(dá)53年，而其真實(shí)上限很可能遠(yuǎn)高于此。許多點(diǎn)位的Congeria屬生物在夏季會(huì)因水位下降而暴露在空氣中，一些個(gè)體甚至?xí)┞对诳諝庵袃蓚€(gè)月之久，僅靠洞穴上方的滴水或巖石表面的水膜以及洞穴內(nèi)濕度通常為100%的空氣生存。高濕度的環(huán)境令它們不必像其他雙殼綱物種那樣緊閉貝殼來(lái)保持水分，在暴露于空氣中時(shí)依舊能長(zhǎng)時(shí)間張開(kāi)雙殼，并借機(jī)向水中排放精子，減少損耗?！就辍?/p>

參考文獻(xiàn)及圖片來(lái)源

Annalisa S, Magdalena G, Greco S, et al, 2024.Congeriain theDinaric Karst: conservation and scientific study of a unique cave-dwelling bivalve genus[J]. Atti e Memorie della Commissione Grotte Eugenio Boegan, 53: 81-90.

Bakovi? N, Siemensma F, Puljas S, et al, 2023. First data ontestate amoebaeassociated with the endemic cave bivalveCongeria jalziciMorton & Biland?ija, 2013 with a description ofPsammonobiotus dinaricasp. Nov[J]. Subterranean Biology, 45: 53-74.

Biland?ija H, Morton B, Podnar M, et al, 2013. Evolutionary history of relictCongeria(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae): unearthing the subterranean biodiversity of the Dinaric Karst[J]. Frontiers in Zoology, 10(1): 5.

Jovanovi? Glava? O, Jal?i? B, Biland?ija H, 2017. Population density, habitat dynamic and aerial survival of relict cave bivalves from genusCongeriain the Dinaric karst[J]. International Journal of Speleology, 46(1): 4.

Morton B, Biland?ija H, 2023. Nomenclatural validation of two extantCongeriaspecies,C. jalziciandC. mulaomerovici(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the caves of the Dinaric karst[J]. Natura Croatica, 32(2): 439-444.

Morton B, Puljas S, 2013. Life-history strategy, with ctenidial and pallial larval brooding, of the troglodytic ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric Alpine karst of Croatia[J]. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 108(2): 294-314.

Morton B, Velkovrh F, Sket B, 1998. Biology and anatomy of the ‘living fossil’Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from subterranean rivers and caves in the Dinaric karst of the former Yugoslavia[J]. Journal of Zoology, 245(2): 147-174.

Puljas S, Peharda M, Morton B, et al, 2014. Growth and longevity of the “l(fā)iving fossil”Congeria kusceri(Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from the subterranean Dinaric karst of Croatia[J]. Malacologia, 57(2): 353-364.

Ra?a B, Ra?a T, 2012. New data about the reproductive cycle ofCongeria kusceriBole, 1962 (Bivalves: Dreissenidae) from the pit ‘Jama u Predolcu’ (Croatia)[J]. Italian Journal of Zoology, 79(1): 105-110.

Scapolatiello A, Rosani U, Manfrin C, et al, 2022. Identification of five picorna-like viruses associated with the endangered cave-dwelling bivalveCongeria kusceri(Bole, 1962)[J]. Invertebrate Survival Journal, 19(1): 28-36.

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