黃土高原的青春足跡——北京知青在延安畫集

主創(chuàng)：劉德惠 編輯：吳冰

The Footprints of Youth on the Loess Plateau - Beijing Educated Youth in Yan'an Painting Collection

Creator: Liu Dehui Editor: Wu Bing

北京知青到延安插隊是中國20世紀(jì)60年代末至70年代“知識青年上山下鄉(xiāng)”運(yùn)動的重要組成部分。

延安作為中國革命的圣地，在抗日戰(zhàn)爭和解放戰(zhàn)爭時期，延安是中共中央所在地，培養(yǎng)了大量革命干部，形成了“自力更生、艱苦奮斗”的延安精神。選擇延安作為北京知青的主要插隊地之一，既有讓知青繼承革命傳統(tǒng)，接受“再教育”的考慮；也基于城市里累積了大量畢業(yè)生無法安置的現(xiàn)實需求。加之當(dāng)時陜北經(jīng)濟(jì)落后，農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力短缺，知青的到來可補(bǔ)充當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn)力量。同時，中央希望通過知青帶來的文化、技術(shù)，助力老區(qū)建設(shè)。1969年初，首批約2.6萬名北京知青赴延安插隊。

相比兵團(tuán)知青，插隊知青居住點(diǎn)分散，缺少組織化，也沒有制度約束。盡管知青點(diǎn)是“各行其是”但在特定歷史條件下的生存狀態(tài)，心路歷程，決定了他們在生產(chǎn)、生活模式上大同小異。

這組畫用直白的藝術(shù)語言再現(xiàn)了插隊知青在困境中的生命韌度。

畫家簡介：

劉德惠：1969年元月去陜西省宜君縣插隊。（當(dāng)年宜君縣隸屬于延安地區(qū)）1951年生于北京，研究生學(xué)歷，中國藝術(shù)研究院特約研究員、北京齊白石研究會會員。散文在線簽約作家。作品自1992年起在國內(nèi)外重要展覽中亮相。

吳冰：1969年元月去陜西黃龍縣插隊。1952年生于北京，大專學(xué)歷，新聞專業(yè)。長期從事工筆畫創(chuàng)作。她筆觸細(xì)膩，線條流暢且富張力。

·重要參展與收藏：

1992年：北京、香港雙城展，作品被香港書畫界收藏

1995年作品入選《當(dāng)代翰墨大觀》

1997年：國家博物館中國藝術(shù)人才書畫展獲佳作獎

1997年：紀(jì)念黨中央進(jìn)駐延安六十周年書畫展（作品被收藏）

1997年《中國藝術(shù)人才書畫作品展》

2025年全國優(yōu)秀藝術(shù)家劉德惠吳冰夫婦專訪

·榮譽(yù)：

1996年入選《中國文藝人才庫》

1998年《二十世紀(jì)中國人物大典》

2022年“全國最受市場歡迎的百強(qiáng)書畫名家”

2023年“全國最具影響力的藝術(shù)家”

《響應(yīng)號召》"Responding to the Call"

毛主席發(fā)出“知識青年到農(nóng)村去很有必要”的號召后，“老三屆”積極響應(yīng)踴躍報名到延安插隊。

After Chairman Mao issued a call that "it is necessary for intellectual youth to go to the countryside", the "old three" actively responded and enthusiastically signed up to join the queue in Yan'an.

《奔赴延安》

Head to yanan

帶著響應(yīng)毛主席指示的自豪感和使命感，我們坐著知青專列離開北京奔赴延安插隊。當(dāng)時的精神狀態(tài)很亢奮，就像有首歌詞寫的那樣“毛主席的戰(zhàn)士最聽黨的話，哪里需要哪里去，哪里艱苦哪安家�！�

With a sense of pride and mission in response to Chairman Mao's instructions, we left Beijing on a special train for educated youth and rushed to Yan'an to join the queue. At that time, the mental state was very excited, as a lyric wrote: "Chairman Mao's soldiers listened to the party's words the most, where they were needed, where they were hard, and where they were hard."

《住過的窯洞》

The cave dwellings I have lived in.

為了解決知青住宿，有的生產(chǎn)隊騰出隊部的窯洞；有的是動員人口少的家庭騰出自家窯洞用來安置知青。

陜北窯洞面積大約在二十平方米左右。一孔窯洞里能住五六個人。窯洞里有土坑，土炕連著一個燒柴做飯的灶臺，炕對面放個裝糧食用的木柜，靠近門口的位置放著一口水缸。門外堆了一些柴火。插隊生活的序幕就此拉開。

In order to solve the problem of educated youth accommodation, some production teams vacated the cave dwellings of the team headquarters; Some mobilized families with small populations to vacate their cave dwellings to settle educated youths. The cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi cover an area of about 20 square meters. Five or six people can live in a cave dwelling. There is an earthen pit in the cave dwelling, and the earthen kang is connected to a stove for burning wood for cooking, a wooden cabinet for grain is placed opposite the kang, and a water tank is placed near the door. Some firewood was piled up outside the door. The prelude to jumping the queue began.

《油潑面》oil-splashed noodles

到陜西插隊吃的第一頓飯就是油潑面，見到的第一個碗便是大老碗。待久了才知道油潑面是陜西人的招牌飯，大老碗是陜西飯桌上的門面，大氣豪放。

The first meal I had in Shaanxi during the sent-down youth period was Youpo Mian (oil-splashed noodles), and the first bowl I saw was the big old bowl. It was only after staying for a while that I realized Youpo Mian is the signature dish of Shaanxi people, and the big old bowl is the hallmark of the dining table in Shaanxi, representing a generous and bold style.

《土井》

Earthen well

這口深三十二丈的土井是村里唯一的清潔水源，滋養(yǎng)著百余口人。每次打水需要三個人協(xié)作，一個拉井繩，另外倆人搖轆轤往上提水。好景不長幾年后井枯竭了，坍塌了。從此再也沒有干凈水喝了。

This 32-foot-deep earthen well is the only source of clean water in the village, nourishing more than 100 people. Each time water is drawn, three people need to cooperate, one pulls the well rope, and the other two shake the wheel to lift the water. The good times did not last long, and after a few years, the well dried up and collapsed. I never had clean water to drink again.

《砍柴歸來》

Returning from chopping wood

砍柴是插隊生活中的一件大事，柴火是唯一的能源。附近的樹不能砍，每次砍柴都要去遠(yuǎn)離村子的山溝里尋找那些尚未成材的雜木。把砍下來的柴捆好后再找一根粗的樹干插入柴中，然后扛著沉甸甸的木材從溝底往上攀爬。

Chopping firewood is a major event in the life of jumping the queue, and firewood is the only source of energy. Nearby trees cannot be cut down, and every time they chop wood, they have to go to the ravine far away from the village to find those miscellaneous trees that have not yet matured. After tying up the cut firewood, find a thick trunk and insert it into the firewood, and then carry the heavy wood up from the bottom of the ditch.

《喂豬》Feeding the pigs

初到村里有個美好的愿望，想通過養(yǎng)豬改善生活。于是在集市上買了頭半大的小豬回來飼養(yǎng)。喂豬說起來是件很容易的事情，其實不然。特別是防疫不到位豬的成活率很低。辛辛苦苦喂養(yǎng)的小豬沒有逃脫死亡的命運(yùn)。

When I first arrived in the village, I had a good wish to improve my life through pig farming. So he bought a half-sized piglet at the market and brought it back to raise. Feeding pigs is an easy thing to say, but it is not. In particular, the survival rate of pigs without epidemic prevention is very low. The piglets that were fed so hard did not escape the fate of death.

《做飯》"Cooking"

初到農(nóng)村做飯成了問題。最初的做法有點(diǎn)“烏托邦”，采取輪流值班做飯。實踐證明這是一條“死路”。一是個人生活能力難以承擔(dān)；二是面對從未用過的土灶、燒柴等一系列具體操作，需要一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的適應(yīng)。大家下工回來了，飯還沒做好。面對殘酷的現(xiàn)實，只能是分灶各自去解決吃飯問題。

Cooking in the countryside became a problem when I first arrived. The initial approach was a bit "utopian", taking turns to cook. Practice has proved that this is a "dead end". First, it is difficult to bear the ability to live in a person's life; Second, in the face of a series of specific operations such as earthen stoves and firewood that have never been used, it takes a little bit of adaptation. Everyone came back from work, and the meal was not ready yet. In the face of the cruel reality, we can only solve the problem of eating separately.

《取暖》

"Warmth"

火盆是冬天取暖的唯一辦法，要把火盆弄好并不容易。最關(guān)鍵的是要把木頭先燒成“木炭”，這點(diǎn)做不好，那就是煙熏火燎。多虧鄉(xiāng)親們的指點(diǎn)。

The brazier is the only way to warm up in winter, and it is not easy to get the brazier right. The most important thing is to burn the wood into "charcoal" first, which is not done well, that is, smoke and fire. Thanks to the guidance of the villagers.

《開荒造田》

Excavating soil to create farmland

開荒和修梯田是改變農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)條件的基本工程，這些活兒一般都安排在農(nóng)閑時進(jìn)行。全憑兩只手打造出一片新天地。

Reclamation and terrace repair are basic projects to change agricultural production conditions, and these tasks are generally arranged during the slack time. Create a new world with two hands.

《春種》

Spring sowing

陜北旱塬春種有多種情況，略微平點(diǎn)的土地采用牛拉犁的方法耕種。坡地和溝溝坎坎的地方，人用鎬刨個窩窩，撒上種子埋下即可。因為旱塬沒有水源，種子撒下后就聽天由命了。收成好壞真是“靠天吃飯”。

There are many situations in spring planting in the dry plains of northern Shaanxi, and the slightly flat land is cultivated by oxen pulling plows. In the places where slopes and ditches are bumpy, people can use a pickaxe to dig a nest and sprinkle seeds to bury it. Because there is no water source in the dry field, the seeds are left to fate after sowing. The harvest is really "dependent on the sky".

《微光的力量》"The Power of Shimmer"

1969年初離開北京到延安插隊，那時的陜北農(nóng)村還沒有電。能在煤油燈下學(xué)習(xí)和思考是一件奢侈的事。

夜很黑，窯洞里很靜，那束微弱的光把我?guī)У阶约合矚g的地方。

In early 1969, he left Beijing to join the queue in Yan'an, when there was no electricity in the countryside of northern Shaanxi. It is a luxury to be able to learn and think under a kerosene lamp. The night was dark, the cave was quiet, and the faint light took me to my favorite place.

《趕集去》

"Rush to the Market"

困在一個沒有電，也看不到報紙的偏僻村子里，好像是與世隔絕了。走在趕集的路上，哪怕是聽一聲汽車的鳴笛，看看路上的行人，都是對情緒的安撫。

Trapped in a remote village with no electricity and no newspapers, it seems to be isolated. Walking on the road to the market, even listening to the whistle of a car and looking at the pedestrians on the road, is a soothing for emotions.

《玉米豐收了》

The corn harvest is abundant.

初到生產(chǎn)隊時，一千多畝地養(yǎng)活百十口人都困難。如何提高玉米產(chǎn)量，解決廣種薄收問題？經(jīng)過和生產(chǎn)隊長協(xié)商，決定“搞塊玉米雙行密植實驗田”（玉米地里套種大豆）。在隊里的支持下，開始做實驗。最終收獲玉米畝產(chǎn)700斤，大豆180斤合計880斤，是傳統(tǒng)種植畝產(chǎn)的2.5倍。

When I first arrived at the production team, it was difficult to feed more than 1,000 acres of land. How to increase corn yield and solve the problem of wide planting and thin harvest? After consultation with the production captain, it was decided to "build a double-row dense planting experimental field of corn" (soybeans are planted in the corn field). With the support of the team, the experiment began. In the end, 700 pounds of corn and 180 pounds of soybeans were harvested, totaling 880 pounds, which was 2.5 times the yield of traditional planting per mu.

《交公糧》

"Paying Public Grain"

“交公糧”是計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時代，農(nóng)民向國家無償繳納部分糧食作為農(nóng)業(yè)稅的制度安排，現(xiàn)代意義上的公糧制度始于1953年，2006年正式廢止。

"Paying public grain" is an institutional arrangement in which farmers pay part of the grain to the state free of charge as an agricultural tax in the era of planned economy, and the public grain system in the modern sense began in 1953 and was officially abolished in 2006.

《上課》

Have class

教育缺失是困擾當(dāng)?shù)厝藗兊囊患笫�，知青的到來給學(xué)齡兒童帶來了希望。除了參加傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)勞動外，一些有知識、有想法的知青，擔(dān)負(fù)起學(xué)齡兒童受教育的重?fù)?dān)。

The lack of education is a major event that plagues the local people, and the arrival of educated youth brings hope to school-age children. In addition to participating in traditional agricultural production and labor, some knowledgeable and thoughtful educated youths shoulder the burden of school-age children's education.

《拉練》

field training exercise

1971年延安地區(qū)組織所有北京知青進(jìn)行了一次大規(guī)模的徒步“拉練”活動。知青們背著背包從各自所在縣出發(fā)，沿途參觀了紅軍長征期間的革命遺址，然后到達(dá)延安參觀革命遺址，接受延安革命傳統(tǒng)教育。

In 1971, the Yan'an area organized all Beijing educated youths to carry out a large-scale walking "training" activity. The educated youths set off from their respective counties with backpacks on their backs, visited the revolutionary sites during the Red Army's Long March along the way, and then arrived in Yan'an to visit the revolutionary sites and receive traditional education in Yan'an.

結(jié)束語:

時至今日，盡管知識青年上山下鄉(xiāng)那場運(yùn)動已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)去，但由此對一代人獨(dú)特生命體驗的真實記錄，將繼續(xù)作為民族記憶的一部分流傳下去。

To this day, although the movement of intellectual youth to the mountains and countryside has long gone, the true record of the unique life experience of a generation will continue to be passed down as part of the national memory.