近期，中國(guó)人民大學(xué)人口與發(fā)展研究中心聯(lián)合舉辦了“中國(guó)大學(xué)生婚育觀研討會(huì)”，會(huì)上公布《中國(guó)大學(xué)生婚育觀報(bào)告》。報(bào)告指出，61%的大學(xué)生明確表示會(huì)結(jié)婚，僅有7%明確表示不結(jié)婚，同時(shí)理想結(jié)婚年齡為27.82歲?？傮w而言大學(xué)生的結(jié)婚意愿高于預(yù)期。

A report released recently shows that 61 percent of college students were certain that they would get married, with only 7 percent rejecting the possibility completely. Their ideal age for marriage averaged 27.8.

從生育意愿來看，大學(xué)生群體的平均理想子女?dāng)?shù)為1.85，超過80%的大學(xué)生明確表示，他們的理想子女?dāng)?shù)是兩個(gè)。

The ideal number of children was 1.85, and over 80 percent of college students put the ideal number of children at two.

該報(bào)告抽取將近9,800份受訪者樣本，他們的平均年齡約為20.3歲，來自全國(guó)30所高校，獨(dú)生子女占比將近36%。

The report surveyed nearly 9,800 students pursuing an undergraduate, graduate or doctoral degree between November and December last year. The average age of respondents was 20.3.

這一結(jié)果讓研究者和部分網(wǎng)民都有些吃驚。近些年，中國(guó)的結(jié)婚登記數(shù)和出生人口數(shù)持續(xù)走低，2021年我國(guó)結(jié)婚登記數(shù)據(jù)為763.7萬對(duì)，創(chuàng)30多年來新低；而2021年全年出生人口僅為1062萬人，2020年該數(shù)字為1200萬。

Marriages and birthrates have been on the decline in China for years. Official data shows that around 7.64 million marriages were registered in 2021, the lowest figure in more than three decades. The number of newborns last year also fell to 10.62 million, compared with 12 million in 2020.

隨著去年五月底三孩生育政策及配套支持措施的出臺(tái)，關(guān)于如何提升結(jié)婚生育意愿的討論也涉及到“Z世代”青年，也就是1995年到2010年出生的年輕人，包括很大一部分大學(xué)生群體。

Generation Z ：broadly defined as people born between 1995 and 2010.

中國(guó)人民大學(xué)家庭與性別研究中心主任李婷教授接受采訪時(shí)表示，研究結(jié)果提示大學(xué)生對(duì)婚姻和生育仍有期待。

Li Ting, a professor from the Renmin University of China's Population Development Studies Center and one of the researchers involved in the survey, said, "The younger generation's yearning for marriage is still evident."

“這體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)文化的底色。區(qū)別于西方國(guó)家的去家庭化、去婚姻化和去制度化，中國(guó)文化底色中的家庭聯(lián)系還是很重要的，大學(xué)生對(duì)婚姻和家庭仍然有向往?！彼f道。

但是，李婷認(rèn)為，這份報(bào)告最核心的信息應(yīng)該是在當(dāng)代中國(guó)大學(xué)生眼中，婚姻和生育的價(jià)值基礎(chǔ)已經(jīng)發(fā)生變化。“我們不能用過去的想法來看待年輕人?！彼f道。

"The fundamental value of marriage and family has changed in the eyes of college students. For the rest of society and policymakers, it is time to break away from old social stigmas and adapt to new trends among the young," Li said.

報(bào)告顯示，在促進(jìn)結(jié)婚意愿的因素上，大學(xué)生最看重的是婚姻的精神情感支持功能，同時(shí)也希望兼顧物質(zhì)支持屬性；在對(duì)生育效用的感知上，大學(xué)生更看重養(yǎng)育子女的意義與情感價(jià)值，考慮最少的是子女的保障功能。

Instead of seeing marriage primarily as a source of financial security, they expect marriage to provide emotional and spiritual satisfaction, according the report. In terms of childbearing, most respondents resonated strongly with the perception that raising a child is important and meaningful, and that a baby can be a source of happiness. Fewer cared about their child’s role in taking care of them later in life.

也就是說，大學(xué)生選擇戀愛的主要原因是要尋找一個(gè)人互相幫助。實(shí)現(xiàn)共同進(jìn)步的目標(biāo)；選擇婚姻是尋求精神上的支持陪伴和互相傾訴、自我價(jià)值的需求；而選擇生育則是在實(shí)現(xiàn)自身成長(zhǎng)的同時(shí)，獲得陪伴子女成長(zhǎng)的情感價(jià)值。

"They (college students) engage in a romantic relationships to find a partner to grow old with and work toward important goals. They want to get married to have someone to talk to and as an emotional buttress at home. They want to have a baby as a supplement to their growth and help nurture their marital relationship," Li said.

李婷表示，在整個(gè)過程中，他們都更突出“自己的情感價(jià)值和意義”，這區(qū)別于上一輩將結(jié)婚和生育視為一種社會(huì)規(guī)范，或是更看重婚姻和家庭的社會(huì)功能基礎(chǔ)。

其中最典型的一個(gè)例子就是“養(yǎng)兒防老”觀念的淡化。

一位接受采訪的大二學(xué)生坦言，“養(yǎng)兒防老”聽上去非?？尚Α！叭绻蚁霝樽约旱耐砟甓嗵硪环荼Ｕ?，我還不如去能多買幾份保險(xiǎn)來得實(shí)際?！彼f道。

"The saying — raise children to support yourself in your old age — sounds absurd to me," said a sophomore student in a university in Beijing. "If I need some assurance about how I'll be looked after when I’m old, it's better I buy more insurance."

面對(duì)Z世代青年，各種花式“催婚”、“催生”可能反而會(huì)引起他們的反感。

在國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)生育、積極減輕生育養(yǎng)育教育負(fù)擔(dān)的大背景下，李婷表示，“催婚”、“催生”對(duì)于現(xiàn)在的年輕人或許沒有很大用處，他們更需要耐心和漫長(zhǎng)的理解。

"It is pointless to try to force young people to get married and have children. The rest of society needs to be patient and try to understand their position," she added.

此份報(bào)告另外一個(gè)重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是對(duì)下一步生育配套支持政策的啟發(fā)。

報(bào)告顯示，在對(duì)生育阻礙因素的感知上，住房和養(yǎng)育成本對(duì)大學(xué)生影響最大，且男大學(xué)生更在意婚育成本，女大學(xué)生更在意自我發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)，這提示必須考慮統(tǒng)合兩性需求的公共政策。

中國(guó)人口學(xué)會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)、南開大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授原新在研討會(huì)上提到，在“公領(lǐng)域”，女性參與社會(huì)勞動(dòng)的形象已經(jīng)深入人心，但是在“私領(lǐng)域”，男性依然有更多的理由去投身于職場(chǎng)奮斗、掙錢養(yǎng)家，照顧家庭和孩子的更多壓在了女性身上。“所以女性的壓力非常大，”他說。

Yuan Xin, deputy president of the China Population Association and a professor at Nankai University, said that in recent years, the participation of women in the work force has become a norm in China, but that women still shoulder the bulk of responsibility in the private domain, namely, household chores and taking care of children. "No doubt they are under a lot of pressure," he said.

專家表示，在出臺(tái)生育支持措施時(shí)，不應(yīng)當(dāng)將工作和生育對(duì)立起來，而應(yīng)當(dāng)盡力滿足女性對(duì)自身成長(zhǎng)、工作發(fā)展的需求。

As China rolls out a series of supportive measures to encourage births and facilitate the implementation of its three-child policy, experts said that it is essential for new policies to incorporate the concerns of both genders.

我國(guó)多地已經(jīng)出臺(tái)了諸如延長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)假、提供生育津貼等生育支持措施，效果仍待評(píng)估。隨著當(dāng)代大學(xué)生逐漸邁入社會(huì)，他們?cè)谌松牟砺房跁?huì)做出什么樣的選擇？我們也拭目以待。

記者：王小予

編輯：商楨

來源：嚴(yán)肅的人口學(xué)八卦微信公眾號(hào) 民政局 國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局